TITLE
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (US Forest Service): Snow Depth Measurements, 1955 - present
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(s)
John
Campbell
USDA Forest Service
271 Mast Rd.
Durham, NH 03824
USA
Phone: (603)-868-7643
USDA Forest Service
271 Mast Rd.
Durham, NH 03824
USA
Phone: (603)-868-7643
OTHERS INVOLVED
Amey
Bailey
USDA Forest Service, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest
234 Mirror Lake Road
North Woodstock, NH 03262
USA
Phone: (603) 726-8902
USDA Forest Service, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest
234 Mirror Lake Road
North Woodstock, NH 03262
USA
Phone: (603) 726-8902
ABSTRACT:
Snow measurements have been collected approximately weekly during the winter season using transects adjacent to the established network of standard rain gages from 1956 to the present. Maximum snow depth, water content and snow cover duration data are recorded at points along a transect known as a “snow course”, which includes 10 points spaced at 2-m intervals within a designated 0.25 ha area. Data from one course are averaged for each collection date and snow water content is scaled up to a whole watershed value.
Snow measurements have been collected approximately weekly during the winter season using transects adjacent to the established network of standard rain gages from 1956 to the present. Maximum snow depth, water content and snow cover duration data are recorded at points along a transect known as a “snow course”, which includes 10 points spaced at 2-m intervals within a designated 0.25 ha area. Data from one course are averaged for each collection date and snow water content is scaled up to a whole watershed value.
KEYWORD SET: Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study
LTER
forests, HBR, Hubbard Brook LTER, snow, snow course, snow depth, watersheds.
KEYWORD SET: LTER Core Research Areas
disturbance.
BEGIN DATE
1955-12-05
END DATE
2015-04-27
LOCATION
Rain gage 1
West bounding coordinate: -71.725403
East bounding coordinate: -71.725403
North bounding coordinate: 43.952332
South bounding coordinate: 43.952332
East bounding coordinate: -71.725403
North bounding coordinate: 43.952332
South bounding coordinate: 43.952332
Elevation
Minimum: 1600
Maximum: 1600
(Unit: foot)
Maximum: 1600
(Unit: foot)
Rain gage 2
West bounding coordinate: -71.727371
East bounding coordinate: -71.727371
North bounding coordinate: 43.954929
South bounding coordinate: 43.954929
East bounding coordinate: -71.727371
North bounding coordinate: 43.954929
South bounding coordinate: 43.954929
Elevation
Minimum: 1840
Maximum: 1840
(Unit: foot)
Maximum: 1840
(Unit: foot)
Rain gage 3
West bounding coordinate: -71.728661
East bounding coordinate: -71.728661
North bounding coordinate: 43.958450
South bounding coordinate: 43.958450
East bounding coordinate: -71.728661
North bounding coordinate: 43.958450
South bounding coordinate: 43.958450
Elevation
Minimum: 2350
Maximum: 2350
(Unit: foot)
Maximum: 2350
(Unit: foot)
Rain gage 4
West bounding coordinate: -71.720886
East bounding coordinate: -71.720886
North bounding coordinate: 43.954964
South bounding coordinate: 43.954964
East bounding coordinate: -71.720886
North bounding coordinate: 43.954964
South bounding coordinate: 43.954964
Elevation
Minimum: 1850
Maximum: 1850
(Unit: foot)
Maximum: 1850
(Unit: foot)
Rain gage 5
West bounding coordinate: -71.718826
East bounding coordinate: -71.718826
North bounding coordinate: 43.959530
South bounding coordinate: 43.959530
East bounding coordinate: -71.718826
North bounding coordinate: 43.959530
South bounding coordinate: 43.959530
Elevation
Minimum: 2200
Maximum: 2200
(Unit: foot)
Maximum: 2200
(Unit: foot)
Rain gage 6
West bounding coordinate: -71.736122
East bounding coordinate: -71.736122
North bounding coordinate: 43.956898
South bounding coordinate: 43.956898
East bounding coordinate: -71.736122
North bounding coordinate: 43.956898
South bounding coordinate: 43.956898
Elevation
Minimum: 2450
Maximum: 2450
(Unit: foot)
Maximum: 2450
(Unit: foot)
Rain gage 7
West bounding coordinate: -71.734261
East bounding coordinate: -71.734261
North bounding coordinate: 43.953083
South bounding coordinate: 43.953083
East bounding coordinate: -71.734261
North bounding coordinate: 43.953083
South bounding coordinate: 43.953083
Elevation
Minimum: 1980
Maximum: 1980
(Unit: foot)
Maximum: 1980
(Unit: foot)
Rain gage 8
West bounding coordinate: -71.729630
East bounding coordinate: -71.729630
North bounding coordinate: 43.951141
South bounding coordinate: 43.951141
East bounding coordinate: -71.729630
North bounding coordinate: 43.951141
South bounding coordinate: 43.951141
Elevation
Minimum: 1680
Maximum: 1680
(Unit: foot)
Maximum: 1680
(Unit: foot)
Rain gage 9
West bounding coordinate: -71.743134
East bounding coordinate: -71.743134
North bounding coordinate: 43.956051
South bounding coordinate: 43.956051
East bounding coordinate: -71.743134
North bounding coordinate: 43.956051
South bounding coordinate: 43.956051
Elevation
Minimum: 2500
Maximum: 2500
(Unit: foot)
Maximum: 2500
(Unit: foot)
Rain gage 10
West bounding coordinate: -71.739853
East bounding coordinate: -71.739853
North bounding coordinate: 43.952545
South bounding coordinate: 43.952545
East bounding coordinate: -71.739853
North bounding coordinate: 43.952545
South bounding coordinate: 43.952545
Elevation
Minimum: 2200
Maximum: 2200
(Unit: foot)
Maximum: 2200
(Unit: foot)
Rain gage 11
West bounding coordinate: -71.735443
East bounding coordinate: -71.735443
North bounding coordinate: 43.950092
South bounding coordinate: 43.950092
East bounding coordinate: -71.735443
North bounding coordinate: 43.950092
South bounding coordinate: 43.950092
Elevation
Minimum: 1800
Maximum: 1800
(Unit: foot)
Maximum: 1800
(Unit: foot)
Rain gage 12
West bounding coordinate: -71.766586
East bounding coordinate: -71.766586
North bounding coordinate: 43.927490
South bounding coordinate: 43.927490
East bounding coordinate: -71.766586
North bounding coordinate: 43.927490
South bounding coordinate: 43.927490
Elevation
Minimum: 2030
Maximum: 2030
(Unit: foot)
Maximum: 2030
(Unit: foot)
Rain gage 13
West bounding coordinate: -71.770317
East bounding coordinate: -71.770317
North bounding coordinate: 43.920696
South bounding coordinate: 43.920696
East bounding coordinate: -71.770317
North bounding coordinate: 43.920696
South bounding coordinate: 43.920696
Elevation
Minimum: 2510
Maximum: 2510
(Unit: foot)
Maximum: 2510
(Unit: foot)
Rain gage 14
West bounding coordinate: -71.766808
East bounding coordinate: -71.766808
North bounding coordinate: 43.920692
South bounding coordinate: 43.920692
East bounding coordinate: -71.766808
North bounding coordinate: 43.920692
South bounding coordinate: 43.920692
Elevation
Minimum: 2390
Maximum: 2390
(Unit: foot)
Maximum: 2390
(Unit: foot)
Rain gage 15
West bounding coordinate: -71.762962
East bounding coordinate: -71.762962
North bounding coordinate: 43.922684
South bounding coordinate: 43.922684
East bounding coordinate: -71.762962
North bounding coordinate: 43.922684
South bounding coordinate: 43.922684
Elevation
Minimum: 2530
Maximum: 2530
(Unit: foot)
Maximum: 2530
(Unit: foot)
Rain gage 16
West bounding coordinate: -71.768112
East bounding coordinate: -71.768112
North bounding coordinate: 43.915970
South bounding coordinate: 43.915970
East bounding coordinate: -71.768112
North bounding coordinate: 43.915970
South bounding coordinate: 43.915970
Elevation
Minimum: 2820
Maximum: 2820
(Unit: foot)
Maximum: 2820
(Unit: foot)
Rain gage 17
West bounding coordinate: -71.758690
East bounding coordinate: -71.758690
North bounding coordinate: 43.918678
South bounding coordinate: 43.918678
East bounding coordinate: -71.758690
North bounding coordinate: 43.918678
South bounding coordinate: 43.918678
Elevation
Minimum: 2930
Maximum: 2930
(Unit: foot)
Maximum: 2930
(Unit: foot)
Rain gage 19
West bounding coordinate: -71.759903
East bounding coordinate: -71.759903
North bounding coordinate: 43.929214
South bounding coordinate: 43.929214
East bounding coordinate: -71.759903
North bounding coordinate: 43.929214
South bounding coordinate: 43.929214
Elevation
Minimum: 1950
Maximum: 1950
(Unit: foot)
Maximum: 1950
(Unit: foot)
Rain gage 20
West bounding coordinate: -71.758179
East bounding coordinate: -71.758179
North bounding coordinate: 43.923462
South bounding coordinate: 43.923462
East bounding coordinate: -71.758179
North bounding coordinate: 43.923462
South bounding coordinate: 43.923462
Elevation
Minimum: 2600
Maximum: 2600
(Unit: foot)
Maximum: 2600
(Unit: foot)
Rain gage 21
West bounding coordinate: -71.752663
East bounding coordinate: -71.752663
North bounding coordinate: 43.923042
South bounding coordinate: 43.923042
East bounding coordinate: -71.752663
North bounding coordinate: 43.923042
South bounding coordinate: 43.923042
Elevation
Minimum: 2620
Maximum: 2620
(Unit: foot)
Maximum: 2620
(Unit: foot)
Rain gage 22 (Headquarters
location)
West bounding coordinate: -71.701859
East bounding coordinate: -71.701859
North bounding coordinate: 43.943943
South bounding coordinate: 43.943943
East bounding coordinate: -71.701859
North bounding coordinate: 43.943943
South bounding coordinate: 43.943943
Elevation
Minimum: 830
Maximum: 830
(Unit: foot)
Maximum: 830
(Unit: foot)
METHODS
LOCATION DESCRIPTION
LOCATION DESCRIPTION
Snow course data have been collected
approximately weekly at a network of standard
rain gages at the Hubbard Brook Experimental
Forest from 1956 to the present when there was
snow on the ground. Snow courses are located
near each of the standard rain gage openings and
are numbered according to the rain gage. Each
snow course is a forested area of about 1/4
ha.
SAMPLING DESIGN
Each measurement consists of ten
sample points 2 meters apart along a line. On
the next date, a parallel line is used, 2 meters
from the previous line. At each point, snow
depth and water content are measured using a Mt.
Rose snow tube. The ten snow depth measurements
are averaged.
SNOW COURSE WATERSHED LOCATIONSSnow course sampling transects are
located adjacent to the standard rain gages
(SRG) and are distributed in the watersheds as
follows:
Watershed 1: SRG 1, 2, 3
Watershed 3: SRG 4, 5
Watershed 4: SRG 6, 7, 8
Watershed 6: SRG 9, 10, 11
Watershed 7: SRG 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
Watershed 8: SRG 17, 19, 20, 21
Watershed 9: SRG 23, 24, 25
Headquarters: SRG 22
Watershed 1: SRG 1, 2, 3
Watershed 3: SRG 4, 5
Watershed 4: SRG 6, 7, 8
Watershed 6: SRG 9, 10, 11
Watershed 7: SRG 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
Watershed 8: SRG 17, 19, 20, 21
Watershed 9: SRG 23, 24, 25
Headquarters: SRG 22
REFERENCES
- Bailey, A.S., Hornbeck, J.W., Campbell, J.L., and Eagar, C. 2003. Hydrometeorological database for Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: 1955-2000. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-305. 36 pp.Newtown Square, PA., U.S., USDA Forest Service Northeastern Research Station.
- Campbell, J.L., Driscoll, C.T., Eagar, C., Likens, G.E., Siccama, T.G., Johnson, C.E., Fahey, T.J., Hamburg, S.P., Holmes, R.T., Bailey, A.S., and Buso, D.C. 2007. Long-term trends from ecosystem research at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-17. 41 pp.Newtown Square, PA., U.S., USDA Forest Service Northeastern Research Station.
DATA ACCESS GUIDELINES
Data Use Policy
The re-use of scientific data has the potential to greatly increase communication, collaboration and synthesis within and among disciplines, and thus is fostered, supported and encouraged. Permission to use this dataset is granted to the Data User free of charge subject to the following terms:
1) Acceptable use. Use of the dataset will be restricted to academic, research, government or other not-for-profit professional purposes.
2) Redistribution. The data and metadata are provided for use by the Data User. The Data User will not redistribute the original Data Set or metadata to others without the explicit permission of the Principal Investigator.
3) Citation. It is considered a matter of professional ethics to acknowledge the work of other scientists. Thus, the Data User will properly attribute the Data Set in any publications or in the metadata of any derived data products that were produced using the Data Set. Citation should take the following general form: Creator, Year of Data Publication, Title of Dataset, Publisher, Dataset identifier.
Citation example: Holmes, R.T. 2012. Bird Abundances at Hubbard Brook (1969-2010) and on three replicate plots (1986-2000) in the White Mountain National Forest. Durham, NH. Hubbard Brook Data Archive [Database]. http://hubbardbrook.org/data/dataset.php?id=81 (23 July 2012)
4) Acknowledgment: The Data User should acknowledge any institutional support or specific funding awards referenced in the metadata accompanying this dataset in any publications where the Data Set contributed to its content. Acknowledgments should identify the supporting party, the party that received the support, and any identifying information such as grant numbers.
Acknowledgment example: Data on [topic] were provided by [name of PI] on [date]. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA. Significant funding for collection of these data was provided by [agency]-[grant number], [agency]-[grant number], etc.
5) Consultation and questions. Data users are strongly encouraged to consult with the Principal Investigator(s) who collected these data for further information. Also, when appropriate, Data Users should consider including the Principal Investigator as a collaborator and/or co-author in the use of these data.
6) Notification. The Data User will notify the Principal Investigator of any publication or derivative work based on the Data Set. The Data User will also provide the Principal Investigator and/or the administrator of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study with a pdf or two reprints of any publication(s) resulting from use of the Data Set.
7) Disclaimer. While substantial efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of data and documentation contained in this Data Set, complete accuracy of data and metadata cannot be guaranteed. All data and metadata are made available "as is". The Data User holds all parties involved in the production or distribution of the Data Set harmless for damages resulting from its use or interpretation.
8) Terms of Agreement. By accepting this Data Set, the Data User agrees to abide by the terms of this agreement. The Data Owner shall have the right to terminate this agreement immediately by written notice upon the Data User's breach of, or non-compliance with, any of its terms. The Data User may be held responsible for any misuse that is caused or encouraged by the Data User's failure to abide by the terms of this agreement.
The re-use of scientific data has the potential to greatly increase communication, collaboration and synthesis within and among disciplines, and thus is fostered, supported and encouraged. Permission to use this dataset is granted to the Data User free of charge subject to the following terms:
1) Acceptable use. Use of the dataset will be restricted to academic, research, government or other not-for-profit professional purposes.
2) Redistribution. The data and metadata are provided for use by the Data User. The Data User will not redistribute the original Data Set or metadata to others without the explicit permission of the Principal Investigator.
3) Citation. It is considered a matter of professional ethics to acknowledge the work of other scientists. Thus, the Data User will properly attribute the Data Set in any publications or in the metadata of any derived data products that were produced using the Data Set. Citation should take the following general form: Creator, Year of Data Publication, Title of Dataset, Publisher, Dataset identifier.
Citation example: Holmes, R.T. 2012. Bird Abundances at Hubbard Brook (1969-2010) and on three replicate plots (1986-2000) in the White Mountain National Forest. Durham, NH. Hubbard Brook Data Archive [Database]. http://hubbardbrook.org/data/dataset.php?id=81 (23 July 2012)
4) Acknowledgment: The Data User should acknowledge any institutional support or specific funding awards referenced in the metadata accompanying this dataset in any publications where the Data Set contributed to its content. Acknowledgments should identify the supporting party, the party that received the support, and any identifying information such as grant numbers.
Acknowledgment example: Data on [topic] were provided by [name of PI] on [date]. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA. Significant funding for collection of these data was provided by [agency]-[grant number], [agency]-[grant number], etc.
5) Consultation and questions. Data users are strongly encouraged to consult with the Principal Investigator(s) who collected these data for further information. Also, when appropriate, Data Users should consider including the Principal Investigator as a collaborator and/or co-author in the use of these data.
6) Notification. The Data User will notify the Principal Investigator of any publication or derivative work based on the Data Set. The Data User will also provide the Principal Investigator and/or the administrator of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study with a pdf or two reprints of any publication(s) resulting from use of the Data Set.
7) Disclaimer. While substantial efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of data and documentation contained in this Data Set, complete accuracy of data and metadata cannot be guaranteed. All data and metadata are made available "as is". The Data User holds all parties involved in the production or distribution of the Data Set harmless for damages resulting from its use or interpretation.
8) Terms of Agreement. By accepting this Data Set, the Data User agrees to abide by the terms of this agreement. The Data Owner shall have the right to terminate this agreement immediately by written notice upon the Data User's breach of, or non-compliance with, any of its terms. The Data User may be held responsible for any misuse that is caused or encouraged by the Data User's failure to abide by the terms of this agreement.
CONTACT PERSON
Information Manager, Hubbard Brook LTER
234 Mirror Lake Road
North Woodstock, NH 03262
USA
Phone: (603) 726-8902
Email: hbr-im@lternet.edu
Data file: snod.txt
Description: Snow depth data from snow course measurements at Hubbard Brook LTER
Notes on Data: NOTES ON DATA 1. Snow water equivalent units are in tenths of inch (i.e. 24 = 2.4 inch). 2. Values of 0 show that no snow was present. Values of -99 indicate that snow was not measured at that station. 3. The number of snow courses measured in any year has varied, first as new locations were added, and then as the network was reduced to save time. 4. Watershed 2 cutting in 1965 did not affect snowcourses. 5. Watershed 4 cutting in 1970-74 eliminated forest over snowcourses 6, 7, and 8. 6. Snowcourse 6 was moved into adjacent watershed 5. the others had already been dropped. 7. Watershed 5 cutting in 1984 destroyed the new snowcourse 6. Snowcourse 9 replaced it. There had been little difference between them for the 4 years of mutual record. 8. Regression analysis after 1967 determined which southfacing snowcourses to drop. Similar analysis was done after 1973 for the northfacing side. 9. After 1983 a decision was made to continue only two snowcourses on each side. One low elevation and one high elevation course were chosen on each side. 10. Snow course 15 is windblown and is not a representative site. The data is physically stored at the USDA Forest Service, Durham, NH and was last updated in March 2013.
Description: Snow depth data from snow course measurements at Hubbard Brook LTER
Notes on Data: NOTES ON DATA 1. Snow water equivalent units are in tenths of inch (i.e. 24 = 2.4 inch). 2. Values of 0 show that no snow was present. Values of -99 indicate that snow was not measured at that station. 3. The number of snow courses measured in any year has varied, first as new locations were added, and then as the network was reduced to save time. 4. Watershed 2 cutting in 1965 did not affect snowcourses. 5. Watershed 4 cutting in 1970-74 eliminated forest over snowcourses 6, 7, and 8. 6. Snowcourse 6 was moved into adjacent watershed 5. the others had already been dropped. 7. Watershed 5 cutting in 1984 destroyed the new snowcourse 6. Snowcourse 9 replaced it. There had been little difference between them for the 4 years of mutual record. 8. Regression analysis after 1967 determined which southfacing snowcourses to drop. Similar analysis was done after 1973 for the northfacing side. 9. After 1983 a decision was made to continue only two snowcourses on each side. One low elevation and one high elevation course were chosen on each side. 10. Snow course 15 is windblown and is not a representative site. The data is physically stored at the USDA Forest Service, Durham, NH and was last updated in March 2013.
Column | Variable | Description | Units | Coded? | Missing value label |
1 | WINTER | The year in which most of the snow-covered period falls | YYYY | n | none |
2 | DATE | Sample date | YYYY-MM-DD | n | none |
3 | STA1 | Snow depth at gage 1 | oneTenthInch | n | -99 |
4 | STA2 | Snow depth at gage 2 | oneTenthInch | n | -99 |
5 | STA3 | Snow depth at gage 3 | oneTenthInch | n | -99 |
6 | STA4 | Snow depth at gage 4 | oneTenthInch | n | -99 |
7 | STA5 | Snow depth at gage 5 | oneTenthInch | n | -99 |
8 | STA6 | Snow depth at gage 6 | oneTenthInch | n | -99 |
9 | STA7 | Snow depth at gage 7 | oneTenthInch | n | -99 |
10 | STA8 | Snow depth at gage 8 | oneTenthInch | n | -99 |
11 | STA9 | Snow depth at gage 9 | oneTenthInch | n | -99 |
12 | STA10 | Snow depth at gage 10 | oneTenthInch | n | -99 |
13 | STA11 | Snow depth at gage 11 | oneTenthInch | n | -99 |
14 | STA12 | Snow depth at gage 12 | oneTenthInch | n | -99 |
15 | STA13 | Snow depth at gage 13 | oneTenthInch | n | -99 |
16 | STA14 | Snow depth at gage 14 | oneTenthInch | n | -99 |
17 | STA15 | Snow depth at gage 15 | oneTenthInch | n | -99 |
18 | STA16 | Snow depth at gage 16 | oneTenthInch | n | -99 |
19 | STA17 | Snow depth at gage 17 | oneTenthInch | n | -99 |
20 | STA19 | Snow depth at gage 19 | oneTenthInch | n | -99 |
21 | STA20 | Snow depth at gage 20 | oneTenthInch | n | -99 |
22 | STA21 | Snow depth at gage 21 | oneTenthInch | n | -99 |
23 | STAHQ | Snow depth at Headquarters | oneTenthInch | n | -99 |
Variable | Missing Value Code | Code Explanation |
STA1 | -99 | Data missing or not
taken |
STA2 | -99 | Data missing or not
taken |
STA3 | -99 | Data missing or not
taken |
STA4 | -99 | Data missing or not
taken |
STA5 | -99 | Data missing or not
taken |
STA6 | -99 | Data missing or not
taken |
STA7 | -99 | Data missing or not
taken |
STA8 | -99 | Data missing or not
taken |
STA9 | -99 | Data missing or not
taken |
STA10 | -99 | Data missing or not
taken |
STA11 | -99 | Data missing or not
taken |
STA12 | -99 | Data missing or not
taken |
STA13 | -99 | Data missing or not
taken |
STA14 | -99 | Data missing or not
taken |
STA15 | -99 | Data missing or not
taken |
STA16 | -99 | Data missing or not
taken |
STA17 | -99 | Data missing or not
taken |
STA19 | -99 | Data missing or not
taken |
STA20 | -99 | Data missing or not
taken |
STA21 | -99 | Data missing or not
taken |
STAHQ | -99 | Data missing or not
taken |